Climate Resilient Asset Management

Hello, everyone. A very good afternoon, and welcome to our Brightly Insights thought leadership webinar, climate resilient asset management. Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to join this webinar. We have nearly two hundred participants joining us today. For those who have joined our previous webinars, we hope you have been enjoying and learning. Any first timers, I hope you find this webinar insightful. Before we begin, I would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which we meet today and pay my respect to elders past, present, and emerging. I would also like to acknowledge and celebrate our first nation people around the world and encourage us all to continually learn from their history and teachings in caring for our country. Finally, I'd like to extend the acknowledgment and respect to any First Nation people joining us in today's webinar. So here's what we have in store for you. So we'll go through the housekeeping, points, and then we'll deep dive into asset resilience. And, we are going to talk about climate change impacts and, adapting infrastructure for climate change impacts. And, then we will look at how asset management information system helps or support in creating asset resilience. And in the end, we would have a time for your questions and answers. As you are taking time to hear from us, we want to hear from you and answer any questions you might have on today's topic and anything in general about the webinar series. That way we can make this and future sessions, as useful as possible. You can use the q and a function on the webinar console to drop any questions and comments throughout the webinar. We have allowed time at the end of the webinar for question and answer. If we don't get through all the questions, we will follow-up after the webinar. And if you want to contact us or request a demo, please do so by presenting the icon. We are very fortunate to have a special guest joining us today. Doctor Jacqueline Balston, director of sustainability IPIA Australia. I'm not going to go into detail as the speakers bio are visible to all the attendees. But, yeah, you can read, go there and read them. And, welcome, Jacqueline. So Thank you. Asset asset resilience. Before I go into talk about asset resilience, I like to take you to, like, look at two recent events that impacted thousands of people and had significant impact on communities. We had wildfire in California, USA that burned over thirty thousand acres, leaving twenty nine people dead, thousand displaced, and over sixteen thousand structures destroyed or damaged. Also, there are extensive repairs are needed for power lines, water systems, roads, etcetera. Then very recently, we had tropical cyclone Alfred hit Queensland and New South Wales with winds over hundred kilometers per hour and rainfall up to five hundred millimeters in some areas. Compounded with high tide, it drove twelve point three meter waves on Gold Coast, the highest recorded in thirty year thirty eight years of measurements. And it also moved millions of cubic meters of sand along the coastline. And there were there was two hundred and seventy five millimeter rainfall recorded in Brisbane in twenty four hours, wettest day in a half a century. So what this and other events happened in recent years tell us? So, like, if you think about the key takeaways from these disasters, so the most profound thing is that it's the communities or local communities that bear the brunt of the impacts. And the social, environmental, and economic impact to the local and wider community is huge. And there's severe infrastructure damage, so roads, power, water, sewer network suffer extensive destruction and disrupt essential services. There's economic and supply chain disruptions. There are disasters impact business transportation and logistic slowing recovery efforts. It also put on strain on resources. The rebuilding process put pressure on construction materials, skilled labor, and emergency response teams. And there's significant financial and budgetary challenges. Recovery efforts drive inflation, increase insurance cost, and strain federal, state, and local government budgets. And one thing these events showed us is we need to prepare for low probability, high consequence events, as well as we have to take into account the probability of combined events happening one after the other or happening in together. And that means we need we need to prepare and we need to resilience. We need to be resilience. So what is exactly we mean by resilience? Resilience is the ability of infrastructure assets and networks absorb, adapt, and or rapidly recover from potentially disruptive events. The resilience need to be planned for, designed, and built into assets, networks, and systems. Ultimately, it's the community resilience that mattered. So when damaging events occur, we need to reduce the risk and impact on communities and economics and build back to a more resilient standard. Affected assets being renewed or replaced need to be designed to withstand the pressure they may expose to over their life cycle and the changing role they may play in making the entire system and the communities more resilient. So many built assets have long life cycles and need to be resilient to withstand the shocks and stresses that compromise cost, risk, and performances. So how do we create asset resilience? To create resilience assets, we need to understand the threats or risk that assets are exposed to. It involves knowing the threatened hazards and asset exposure to hazards, and hazards can be extreme rainfalls, flooding, bushfires, storm surges, or might not be related climate, but it can be, like earthquakes as recently that happened in Myanmar. So as it in areas prone to these threats, we need to assess how well how effective they are in, withstanding to these strokes. And then we can actually plan to, reduce or mitigate the impacts, and then we can by doing that, we can reduce the vulnerability of assets to these events. And if there are any residual risks, so we can actually plan for these risks in case that event occur. So planning resilience goes beyond disaster recovery and by establishing proactive pre disaster strategies to reduce or avoid costly asset or service downtime, address vulnerabilities, and to being prepared, maintain business operations in the face of unexpected disruptions. As we are set to experience more and more extreme climate related events related with severe consequences, as asset management practitioners, we need to understand how to create resilience into our base. Now I'll hand over to Jackie to talk us talk to us in detail about the climate change and resilient asset management. Jackie, over to you. Thank you, Anuka, And welcome, everybody. I'm gonna talk a little bit about climate science to start off with, what the observed and projected changes are that we're likely to need to respond to, and then we'll talk about how we integrate that into our asset management systems. So to kick off an overview on climate change, I thought I'd start with this graph that shows in tonnes the cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels and industry between seventeen fifty, which was the start of the industrial revolution, and twenty twenty three for each region globally. You can see that agriculture and land use change emissions are not included. So these are just from fossil fuel industries. You will see that in no region of the world have our c o two emissions stabilized or reached net zero and that our global c o two emissions since seventeen fifty are one thousand eight twelve billion tonnes. Carbon dioxide emissions represent only seventy four percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions, and in twenty twenty three alone there were fifty three billion metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases emitted in that one year. The little inset graph there on the top left from CSIRO shows the total emitted greenhouse gases and where they've ended up, including the atmosphere, oceans and land sinks. About twenty three percent of the CO2 that's been produced has been absorbed by the oceans, where it turns into carbonic acid and causes ocean acidification. The oceans around Australia are acidifying ten times faster than at any point in the last three hundred million years, and acidic seawater breaks down calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, but also concrete. So it's interesting to make note of that when we're thinking about sea level rise and which assets we put in the coast. The land sinks, which are the, sinks of carbon dioxide on the terrestrial land, include uptake from plants and rocks. So we know that greenhouse gases trap heat by allowing sunlight to penetrate through them because they're clear, but then they prevent the long wave heat radiation from escaping back into space. Carbon dioxide does this ten times more effectively than wood, and so it acts like a giant transparent blanket. The inset shows that space that one tonne of carbon dioxide takes up. It's about eight cubic metres. The main graph there shows what the increase in global temperatures have been as a result of each of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere between eighteen fifty one at the atmosphere between eighteen fifty one at the start of the industrial revolution in twenty twenty three. The past eight years have been the warmest on record, and total global warming is now one point six six degrees Celsius. The fact that we've only measured about one and a half degrees of warming is because there is some cooling effect from sulfur dioxide and other aerosols in the atmosphere that reflect, light back out into space. The majority of the warming is a result of the carbon dioxide as you can see there in the red. It's important to know that the warming that we are experiencing now is a result of the level of greenhouse gases that were in the atmosphere ten or more years ago. Because just like there's a delay when you put a blanket on your bed and then you start to feel warm, there's also a delay between when the greenhouse gases appear in the atmosphere and the resultant heating. So the temperature's going to continue to rise because the greenhouse gas emissions, and in particular carbon dioxide, will remain in the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years. And, of course, there's that delayed warming effect. This slide shows the predicted temperature rise out to twenty three hundred as modeled by global climate models in the IPCC's sixth assessment report. The blue lines down the bottom show the Paris Agreement scenario of staying below two degrees of warming by two thousand one hundred. To do that, our emissions must fall to about forty five percent of twenty ten levels by two thousand and thirty and be net zero by two thousand and fifty. But we must also have interventions at a global scale to extract CO2 out of the atmosphere in order to meet that target. Those actions would include things like c o two capture and storage, soil and forest sequestration, and potentially geoengineering to reflect sunlight back into space. The actions required to achieve this goal are now considered beyond our current global capacity. The gold line shows the expected warming if the current global greenhouse gas emissions commitments are kept by governments, about two point four degrees Celsius by two thousand one hundred. But as we can see from the graph previously, countries are struggling to meet their targets, And as we saw, the emissions are continuing to rise rather than decrease, which we should have seen by now. The business as usual scenario that we're on is shown by the red line, and that will result in a likely warming of two degrees by two thousand and fifty and between three and four and a half degrees by two thousand one hundred. However, our long lived assets are still going to be in place until about twenty one point five zero, when the temperatures are projected to rise above six degrees on pre industrial levers. And then the temperature will continue to rise and will center on about seven sorry, seven and a half degrees by twenty three hundred. So you can see that these levels of warming are well in, excess of our safe zone of two degrees of warming. With one and a half degrees of warming, which is potentially what we're seeing already, an extreme heat event that occurred one in ten years is going to happen four times every decade. And when we get to two degrees of warming by the mid century, it will occur five and a half times every ten years. In other words, every second year, we're going to have an extreme event heat event. Compared to the pre industrial time, sea level rise now is already about zero point two five meters, a quarter of a meter, twenty five centimeters. By twenty one hundred, sea level rise is likely metre, and will result in a one in a hundred year event occurring two or three times every year. However, it's now understood that global mean sea level rise above this likely range and approaching two metres by two thousand one hundred and five metres by two thousand one hundred and fifty under our very high greenhouse gas emission scenario can no longer be ruled out, and that's due to the deep uncertainty in ice sheet processes and the breakaway of large ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland. So sea level rise by two thousand three hundred is likely to be between two and seven meters. So for these reasons, we need to think very carefully about new developments in coastal areas to reduce our legacy problems for future generations. For urban planning and infrastructure purposes, the IPCC recommends that total global sea level rise exceeding two metres by two thousand one hundred should be assessed. Tropical cyclones are driven by warm oceans, and so they are going to move further south as the oceans warm. Their intensity and maximum sustained wind shear speeds are also expected to increase by about five percent for two degrees of warming. And you can see here as we move through the century, the increasing temperature corresponding to each of the emissions and our corresponding sea level rise for each of the different scenarios for the two thousand three hundred. So changes to the climate have been reported across Australia already. I'm sure we're all aware aware of that. Our continent has warmed by nearly one and a half degrees since nineteen ten, and that warming is observed across Australia in all the months for both the day and night time temperatures. The red in the top maps from the Bureau of Meteorology shows the increases to annual temperature mean and maximum since nineteen seventy. There's also been an increased number of extreme heat events across all months of the year, and as can be seen by the CSIRO graph in the top right corner there, it shows the number of days each year that the mean temperature was the warmest one percent of days. In other words, the one percent highest decile percentile of temperature. As a result of the warming, there's been an increase in extreme fire weather with a longer fire season across large parts of the country since the nineteen fifties. Changes to rainfall are shown in the bottom row of images. There's been a decrease in rainfall and therefore streamflow across Australia since nineteen seventy five, except for those areas in the northwest of the continent where we've seen a warming of the oceans off Broome and a resultant increase in rainfall. Although the annual mean rainfall has decreased, the number of extreme heavy rain days and consecutive dry days or drought have both increased. We're seeing more extreme rainfall events and longer droughts, in addition to a drying trend. So I'm curious to know, after hearing that, which of the climate hazards do you imagine are most likely to affect your assets? Would it be the increased temperature and heat wave frequency, the more southerly and intense cyclones, higher sea levels, increased rainfall intensity and flooding, or increased incidence of drought, bushfire, or perhaps some other stressor that we haven't mentioned. I'd be interested to hear from you about what you think are going to be your key climate hazards and risks as a result of these changes. So I'll give you just a second to provide us with that answer, and we can see them coming up on the screen there. Increased temperature and heatwave frequency, obviously, is often considered to be a big driver of damage in road infrastructure. Higher sea levels, of course, are going to affect any coastal assets if we're a coastal. Increased rainfall and flooding, and we've seen a lot of that, of course, around Australia, particularly in the east coast and northeast, New South Wales and northern Queensland. It's a big problem, as far as bridges and roads go, as well as other infrastructure that might be inundated during flood drought. Perhaps the most of the problem, except if we're thinking about our green infrastructure assets, like street trees and green infrastructure components, bushfire for those in that area, and then some other. I'd be interested to know what the others are. If you'd like to put them in the chat, that would be, interesting to hear. Okay. So now we know, climate change and what we can expect, where we're heading, I thought it would be good to touch on what we think the impacts are going to be in those assets, if they're likely to be affected. So impacts and risks for asset managers are going to be twofold. First up, there's the climate impacts, of course, and that will involve physical and chemical wear and tear or damage to exposed freight assets and reduction in their useful life. We're gonna have problems with extreme events and risks for employees and also green assets that might not deal with heat events, and then there's potentially interruptions to service as a result of those. There's also gonna be policy impacts because we're facing changes to planning and development codes, recycling requirements, knowledge and skills gaps, when it comes to how we deal with these risks. There's also the requirement to meet our net zero targets and therefore asset obsolescence. For example, petrol cars will become no longer considered a wise investment. And, of course, we've got increased costs for maintenance and renewal, and that will trickle down as we are affected by more and more climate impacts. What are the expected risks for the Australian assets? Well, climate change risks to infrastructure and assets will be a function of the expected changes in the climate, obviously, the hazards, how exposed the asset might be to those changes, and how vulnerable it is. The climate change risk is defined in the ISO fourteen ninety one standard Adaptation to Climate Change guidelines on vulnerability impacts and risk assessments. It says that expected impacts and risks for Australia might include increased energy demands for summer cooling, increased rates of deterioration of exterior surfaces such as roads and buildings, increase in damage to transport infrastructure, for example rail, roads and bridges, and secondary impacts to supply chains as a result of a break down in those interconnections, repair and replacement costs, increased risk of overflow from stormwater systems, wastewater treatment ponds and septic tanks, damage or destruction of assets and infrastructure from high winds, including buildings, energy energy generation, and distribution networks. And then, of course, there's the inundation of coastal assets. The map there on the right shows sea level rise for the City of Adelaide of two metres in dark blue, which we might expect by two thousand one hundred if we have the low likelihood but high risk ice sheet scenario. But the five meter scenario as well are two thousand one hundred, which is perhaps more likely. To address these, the Institute of Public Works and Engineering Australasia, IKEA had released a number of years ago now practice note twelve point one Climate Change Impacts on the Useful Life of Infrastructure. It's available as a hard copy and an ebook and bills on practice note twelve Useful Life of Assets. In it, we provide guidance on how to determine the impact of climate change on your asset and its useful life, and the vulnerability of over two hundred different assets. We address the impact that changes to rainfall, temperature, wind speed, bushfire weather and sea level rise may have. We consider usage, wear, tear, physical and chemical damage and deterioration on each of those assets. And we examine impacts materials such as PVC, concrete, bitumen, wood, and steel. The contents of the practice note include detailed information about climate change and its impact on infrastructure assets. We have a decision tree worksheet in there, so we assets. We have a decision tree worksheet in there so you can follow through a step by step process to identify your vulnerable assets and what they're likely in to be. We have a nice simple traffic light table of asset chain, asset vulnerability for over two hundred assets. You can see in the screenshot there, and extensive tables of climate change adaptation options. We also provide climate change maps and links to more information, appendices, and references for those who'd like to know more. So thinking about those impacts and your assets, I'd be interested to know now which of your assets you think will most likely be affected. Is it roads, buildings, bridges, footpaths, and curbing? Perhaps it's community wastewater systems, water and stormwater, energy assets, communication assets, or green assets, or other. So if you'd like to pop that in there, that will be interesting for us to know what you think are your most at risk assets. So the results coming in, we can see roads, forty two percent, buildings to some degree, bridges, that's interesting. Obviously, people feel bridges are going to withstand the floods that we're expecting. Hook paths to some degree. Water and stormwater, obviously, with our increase in extreme rainfall events and wastewater as well, obviously. Energy assets, potentially, I would suspect, as a result of increased wind speeds like we saw in South Australia when the high and high transmission lines were damaged by wind speeds. So then, just to follow on for that, I thought it would be useful to talk about infrastructure adaptation and resilience. So building on what, we've heard already and how we've included that into our practice notes. So when we're considering asset adaptation resilience, the graph on the slide there shows a changing climate from past to future using that wiggly blue line and how adaptation can increase resilience of an asset if it's put in place before critical thresholds are reached. So in this context, adaptation is the process of incremental or transformational adjustments to current or projected climate change to minimise a threat and deliver opportunities. And resilience is the capacity of the system or organisation to cope with the hazards, events, trends or disturbances and respond or recognize in ways that maintain the essential function as well as the capacity for learning and transformation. And climate resilience will come from effective adaptation. An adapted asset, which is shown in blue on the right there, will be able to withstand the increases in the extreme events longer than one that has not been adapted. So when it comes to adaptation, obviously, there are a range of different approaches we can take. In practice note twelve point one, we explain how because of a lack of early action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we're gonna need to adapt, and we group those adaptation actions into five areas, avoid, accommodate, protect, defend, and retreat. And examples of each of these actions are provided in the practice note for each of the different climate hazards. So actions of relevance to a heat wave, for example, might be to avoid building dark covered parking areas that will increase the heat island effect. Accommodation might be to increase tree cover to provide some shade and cooling or to use a cool road surface. To defend from heat wave might be to building, and retreat might involve creating air conditioning or other cool spaces. Actions can then be prioritized with those that have no regrets first and then low regrets, win win, and flexible options. We want to ensure that we maintain a degree of flexibility in responses, and all of these approaches are going to be required. Wherever possible, it's best to use green over gray infrastructure if they can deliver the implement sustainable solutions to take a long term approach when we're thinking about which adaptation options we take, consider the all of the life life cycle stages, and to avoid maladaptation wherever possible. So, for example, the use of more air conditioning lot of it's important to think of a systems approach to integrating climate change across all of your asset management actions and bring everyone else on the journey so we can ensure that our actions in one area are not gonna create problems in another. Practice note twelve point two was published as an ebook, and it built on the content in practice note twelve point one by providing technical details for adaptation in a range of climate resilient asset materials. So it considers the climate resilience of a range of materials and treatments. It considers water use for each of those different options, energy intensity and environmental impacts of those options. And it considers a range of new and retrofitted options that are provided for concrete, bitumen, wood, steel, and PVC. As with practice note twelve point one, practice note twelve point two contains numerous images and details. A simple decision tree workshop worksheet builds on the one that's in Practice Note twelve point one to support the selection of climate resilient materials. There's a summary, track it table, and lookup tables, climate resilient asset materials and treatment tables. Lots of great summaries there, extensive lists of adaptation options, appendices and active links to further information. In both practice notes, we have a wealth of case studies that will provide you with examples of what's happening in other places. And both of these practice notes will be updated and combined into a new practice note fourteen, Climate Resilient Assets, next financial year. We've been able to do that with the support of a disaster resilience funding. So if you'd like to be involved in the development of the new practice note, please get in contact, with myself or IPWEA, and we're welcome to have you all on board as stakeholders in the development of our upgraded climate change impacts and assets practice. And then finally, how do we embed climate change into asset management? Well, the role of an asset steward in climate change is going to be as follows. We need to educate and advocate for climate smart, resilient assets that include climate change and asset management planning and the plans. We need to consider if the asset is needed. Do we really need this asset? Make sure that we reduce our future exposure and emissions. We need to consider using repaired, repurposed, and reused assets to recycle, include the circular economy in our choices, and to consider the use of green options whenever we can. We also need to design climate smart assets that consider climate vulnerability and risk, what their location is, their orientation, what colour they're covered in, multipurpose options that can provide climate resilience approaches. We need to make sure that they're carbon neutral and have low embodied energy and that the materials are climate resilient and energy efficient. And, ideally, our buildings would be solar passive and our assets recyclable with low maintenance. And we need to aim for construction to be carbon neutral for all life cycle stages, not just the construction of the asset, but also its operation and maintenance and renewal, all need to be carbon neutral if we're gonna meet our net zero carbon emissions targets. It needs to be efficient and integrated with our green infrastructure options to make sure that each have the space to provide the services that they need. We need to ensure that maintenance and operational activities extend the useful life of the asset so that we are not renewing them faster than we need to And ensure that at the end of the asset's useful life, wherever it's possible, it can be deconstructed and then recycled before being disposed of. So asset management should consider climate change in each of these key areas: community and organisational education, governance, future demand, levels of service in a changing climate. So we're building back better, not just replacing what we had before. We need to think about asset useful life impacts. We need to consider climate change in our life cycle analysis and our risk assessments. And we need to consider climate change in our long term financial planning. So during your annual review of asset plans and renewal programs, consider climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in your budget estimates and your scope and procurement processes. So I'll hand back now to Renuka who's going to talk about how we integrate all that information into our asset management information systems to create asset resilience. Thank you. Thank you, Jackie, for that very insightful presentation, and, I'm sure it gave us a lot of food for thought like as asset management practitioners. So the focus of next section going to be how we can effectively utilize asset management information system in the process of creating asset resilience. So in the interest of time and because we have got a lot of questions, so I try to run through these very quickly. But if you need more information, we will always get back to you. Just pop a question in. So let's take a step back and think about the basics of asset management. So the objective of asset management of any asset intensive organization is to provide the required level of service at the lowest life cycle cost to present and future generations. And it needs to take the whole of organization approach from identifying the asset need, the acquisition, management, and disposal of the asset while balancing performance, cost, and risk or opportunity at every single stage of asset life cycle. So if we look at the performance cost and risk, how they are impacted by climate change events, so in terms of service level Assets are not available to provide the service after an event happens. Degrading asset performances over extended period of time, and they can accelerate asset deterioration. And from the financial point of view, we have higher life cycle cost with premature asset failure, cost of alternative options for providing essential services, increased maintenance and operational cost tied to disaster recovery and response, and then there's always unplanned cost escalation, capital and maintenance cost tied to resource and time pressures. And there's going to be community dissatisfaction that would have a reputational impact to the organization. And we need to talk about these when we are making any asset management decisions. So how do we make our decisions informed, robust, and data driven? And that's where the asset management information systems can help. MSA is a really important component of any organization's asset management system. The overall benefit of an AMIS is in the improved efficiency and effectiveness of the whole asset management system. So it provides the ability to understand the assets and make the best decisions to optimize asset life cycle cost and performance. What you see here in this slide is different components of AMIS. Depending on organization maturity, you may be utilizing one, several, or all components of, AMIS. And we can utilize existing capabilities of most, asset management information system to help support in creating resilient asset base. So let's look at as a basic, what information do we need to have India asset register? So to prepare for asset adaptation, pre disaster preparation, and post disaster recovery. Here are some, not all traditional information that are recorded in AMES that are useful at various stage of decision making. And even though most systems can accommodate this information readily, we know that actual usage can be low. But having this information can help not only in preparation, but especially dealing with disaster response recovery and rebuilding stage. And having them recorded in a system that is easily accessible by anyone helps by not having to rely on certain individuals. So some of the important information like asset classification can be really important because you can classify the asset based on service it supports, and it talk about what type of assets. And then there's also, like, asset location. So where the asset is located is really important in terms of planning for resilience. And the other one, so we need to know the asset performances. So it's the asset condition. And, again, I'm linking back the, post disaster recovery. So you need to have the evidence to say, hey. What was my asset condition before and after? And photographic evidence with stamp date, like the date stamp is also needed if you are applying for disaster recovery, funding. And maintenance history, warranty information, and most of these information can go into your asset management system. And if you have them available and it would be a big help, not only in creating asset resilience, but also with your insurance, in the with the claiming insurance in case of disaster happens. So to know how what assets are vulnerable, we need to know which, hazards they get exposed to. So they can be flood, bushfire, coastal storm surges, etcetera. And the it's for mature organizations may have all of these, hazards mapped. And if you don't have that and, yes, you can have at least record the current situations, and then you can have at all even as a minimum, it's good if you have your locations knowing even in the Google Map so you know exactly when some events happened where the assets are located. So the mature organizations who have done asset vulnerability, studies, they might have all the climate projections and, asset exposure to those impacts based on different projections that will heal really help in planning. So asset vulnerability. So asset vulnerability can be like we can define in many different ways. Jackie talked about it. But how do we actually make sure as our assets are vulnerable? How do we assess the vulnerability? Some information that helps us us like national construction codes, the design standards, sustainability rating systems such as Greenstar, and planning controls, flood levees, flood walls, vegetation control, fire breaks, seawall. They all form part of assessing asset vulnerability, and we can have them recorded in our, like, asset management information systems. And also important is, having your maintenance history and preventative maintenance schedule to show that you have you are taking care of your assets, and that can also help with the insurance. And, sorry. One of the like, the in terms of in terms of, response to a disaster, like, oh, post pre disaster or post disaster to different events, the asset management information system plays a huge role. So they can be like, you can use asset management system to actually go and, assess the condition of the assets post disaster and also to mobilize your workforce to go and inspect the asset to before you do actually do the work. So they go out, do the asset inspection, and also, then you can actually action the work. But you need to know whether you have the resources available in terms of labor and material. You can record them in the asset man like the works management system or module of your asset management system. And also having, like, the asbestos information really helps in actually, dealing with health and safety hazards when you have to go and do this asset inspection and also doing the work. And in terms of actually, there was a question regarding asset criticality. I would love to know, like, yeah, whether you have, created the asset criticality framework for your asset base. So identifying critical assets with high consequences of failure and high vulnerability enable organizations to better respond before and after event fostering resilience. And the how we can use criticality is it can be related to operational, for example, setting the maintenance response times, or it can be used for strategic planning. And if you there's a very good resources available, like, with the EPR, library for how in determining the criticality framework, and we can help you with that as well. But we advise, like, every organization to go through that and try to create a asset, asset critical items, like, provide a critical rating for every asset so they will help you in prioritizing and in taking actions for asset resilience. So finally, very quickly, I'll go through, like, the climate impacts and resilience in life cycle modeling. So Jackie talked about lot of actually the impacts, adaptation measures, etcetera. So in the strategic planning space, how do we take them into account? So we if we have criticality framework defined and we can say we can set high critical, highly vulnerable assets, we can give early treatment intervention reducing the risk. And, also, there are some we if the funding is constrained, we can do criticality based asset prioritization, and that mean our critical assets get treated first. And the in life cycle modeling, it should be able to accommodate the increased deterioration rates for vulnerable assets and also the reduction of useful lives. And they are also should, like, should be able to account for rehabilitation or any renewal cost, carbon cost, and the maintenance costs changes, etcetera. So these are all really critical part of, strategic planning and in terms of creating resilience in our asset base. And then if you have if you can, you can do scenario analysis. So you can act go and, like, run number of scenarios to say so in incorporating these sustainability adaptation and resilience measures and decide what's the best suited for you based on those scenarios that balance the cost, risk, and performance. So just want to show you there were few, like, discussions I have had over the years with many different, like, asset management practitioners, so about climate, impacts, etcetera. This is what I, like, heard some interesting one, one that stick to my mind that shows the realities our renewal program is funded by disaster recovery fund arrangement. So which is sad, but it's the reality. And I like to end the formal presentation with one of the best of my one of my favorite quotes which says from data turn good. So which says, climate change is not only a threat, it is above all an opportunity to create a healthier, greener, cleaner planet which will benefit all of us. So by understanding what caused climate changes, the impact of climate change induced events of our infrastructure, which assets are critical to our service delivery, which assets are vulnerable to climate events, and then strategically planning for pre and post, disasters to minimize the risk. As asset management practitioners, we have the opportunity to embed climate resilience into our asset base, thus making our communities more resilient. Yes. So that's that's about it and hope, it was, like, you every all of you enjoyed that and, gained something. But now it's time for question and answer. So please post your, questions in the, that question and answer box. So we have a number of questions coming in. So I'll go I've made a note of some of those for us. And, Renika, I can tick off the first few for you. You're large. So people are asking for ahead. It will save time. One of the questions was how do we define green infrastructure? So green infrastructure is a managed nature based asset, which might include things like street trees, green roofs, green walls, parks and gardens, constructed wetlands, biosquales, rain gardens, living shorelines along the coast, any asset that includes a biological nature based living component to it can be considered green infrastructure. And they can either be a hybrid with some green components and some grey components in them, like a constructed wetland, which has some drains and weirs as well as reed beds and plants, or they might be mostly green like a a living shoreline, which has a range of different, hedges and plantings and reeds and seagrasses and so on included in it. So that's the green infrastructure one. There was a question about, what modeling we might or how accurate the modeling for climate change is. The modeling for climate change has been spot on ever since it was, first run the climate models. I've been predicting exactly the trajectory that we're following in the business as usual scenario. If I were you, I would be looking at that red strip, the like recognises as the likely scenario that we're heading for based on the climate science and the emissions trajectories that we're on. And there was an interesting point there, very important that it is important to include a risk assessment in our processes so we can identify what the high probability events are and the most vulnerable assets are and make sure that we identify those assets that have a high criticality and focus on them when we're thinking about our climate change adaptation resilience because we can't do everything. And then finally, there was a question there about the terminology that's been used with climate change over the decades from global warming to climate change to climate emergency. A lot of those terms are politically driven. They're not something that we talk about in the climate science world. We just talk about the physics of the science and how we know that greenhouse gases trap heat closer to the Earth's surface, and identifying how quickly that's going to happen and where we're likely to end up. So there are a number of, terms that have been used, but that does not diminish the observed changes that we have seen and the physics of the science, which we know means that the more greenhouse gases we have in the atmosphere, the greater the warming will be. So perhaps there were some other questions there that you saw, Veronica, that we might, like to address that people have sent through. Hopefully, I've got those. One point there about flooding and rainfall. Absolutely. High rainfall events and flooding are included within our practice notes and are certainly a high risk that would be considered in any of your asset management plans and systems. The use of building condition models, is a great way to think about, what the impacts might be when we're designing our buildings. Particularly, we also want them to be carbon neutral and solar passive because a lot of the decisions that we make in constructing a building will be, the result of which direction the building points, what color it's made out of, whether there's any shading from green infrastructure like trees outside the building. And if we're making assumptions about the climate and what we put into those building models, as I said before, I'd be choosing our likely emissions trajectory, the business as usual scenario on the red line that we saw, in the presentation that I gave before. Renika, the presentation, will it be webinar? I understand that this is being recorded and can be made available to anybody, who can access it afterwards. Is that right? Yes. Yeah. We will send a recording to everyone who's interested. Okay. So I think that that brings we are almost on track. And if you haven't answered any of your questions, I will make sure to respond to you. And hope you enjoyed today's session. Thanks for attending. And, yeah, if you have any further questions, please use the, like, icons, on the bottom of your screen to send us an email or request a demo. Before we conclude, we would also love to hear what topics you would like to discuss in future webinars. Please use QA function to send us your ideas now, and a link to the recording will be sent to all of you as we mentioned, and keep an eye on, our future webinars. Thank you, everyone. Have a nice evening. Bye. Thank you, and bye bye.